The Kashmir is called the heaven on earth. Irish poet Thomas Moore's 1817 romantic poem Lalla  Rookh is credited with having made Kashmir (spelt Cashmere in the poem) "a household term in  Anglophone (English speaking) societies", conveying the idea that it was a kind of paradise (an  old idea going back to Hindu and Buddhist texts in Sanskrit). Kashmir has lush green valleys,  mountains, rivers, glaciers and plains.  

克什米爾被稱為人間天堂。因愛爾蘭詩人托馬斯·摩爾（Thomas Moore）在他1817年的浪漫主義詩歌《拉拉·魯克》（Lalla Rookh）中描寫成了天堂一樣的地方，克什米爾成了英語國家社會中一個家喻戶曉的名字。克什米爾有郁郁蔥蔥的山谷、山脈、河流、冰川和平原。

Dispute 

After the Partition of India in 1947, the former princely state of the British Indian Empire became a disputed territory, now administered by three countries: India, Pakistan, and China.  According to Burton Stein's History of India, "Kashmir was neither as large nor as old an independent state as Hyderabad; it had been created rather off-handedly by the British after the first defeat of the Sikhs in 1846, as a reward  to a former official who had sided with the British. The Himalayan kingdom was connected to  India through a district of the Punjab, but its population was 77 per cent Muslim and it shared a  boundary with Pakistan. Hence, it was anticipated that the maharaja would accede to Pakistan  when the British paramountcy ended on 14–15 August. When he hesitated to do this, Pakistan  launched a guerrilla onslaught meant to frighten its ruler into submission. Instead the Maharaja  appealed to Mountbatten for assistance, and the governor-general agreed on the condition that  the ruler accede to India. Indian soldiers entered Kashmir and drove the Pakistani-sponsored  irregulars from all but a small section of the state. The United Nations was then invited to  mediate the quarrel. The UN mission insisted that the opinion of Kashmiris must be ascertained,  while India insisted that no referendum could occur until all of the state had been cleared of  irregulars." 

爭端

1947年印度分治后，這里成了一片有爭議的領(lǐng)土，現(xiàn)在由三個國家管理：印度、巴基斯坦和中國。根據(jù)Burton Stein的印度史，“克什米爾既沒有海得拉巴那么大，也沒有海得拉巴那么古老；1846英國人創(chuàng)立了這個地方，用來獎勵當(dāng)時幫助英國戰(zhàn)勝錫克教徒的一位官員（其實是漢奸）。喜馬拉雅王國通過旁遮普的一個地區(qū)與印度相連，但其人口中77%是穆斯林，與巴基斯坦接壤。因此，大眾預(yù)計這個王公會在8月14日至15日（也是印巴分治的日子，巴基斯坦和印度的國慶節(jié)）英國統(tǒng)治結(jié)束時加入巴基斯坦。巴基斯坦人有點猴急，在當(dāng)他猶豫不決時，發(fā)動了游擊隊襲擊，本想著恐嚇一下，讓他屈服，沒曾想到，王公向蒙巴頓總督求助，總督同意了他加入印度。印度士兵進(jìn)入克什米爾，將巴基斯坦支持的游擊隊趕出該邦的一小部分地區(qū)。聯(lián)合國介入，提議由克什米爾人來覺得加入哪一邊，也就是公投，而印度則堅持認(rèn)為，要先把游擊隊全部剿滅，不然不可能舉行全民公決。”

In the last days of 1948, a ceasefire was agreed under UN auspices. However, since the plebiscite demanded by the UN was never conducted, relations between India and Pakistan  soured, and eventually led to two more wars over Kashmir in 1965 and 1999. 

1948年的最后幾天，在聯(lián)合國主持下達(dá)成了停火協(xié)議。然而，由于聯(lián)合國要求的公投從未進(jìn)行過，自從留下了禍根，戰(zhàn)爭的火苗從未熄滅。印度和巴基斯坦之間的關(guān)系惡化，最終導(dǎo)致1965年和1999年針對克什米爾的兩次戰(zhàn)爭。到如今，兩國還是不斷有摩擦，不斷有戰(zhàn)火。

Azad (Free) Kashmir 

The Pakistani administered Kashmir is called Azad Kashmir, while the Indian administered  Kashmir is called Occupied Kashmir by the people of Pakistan. Interestingly the Chinese  administered Kashmir is not talked about by Pakistani people and government.  

阿扎德（自由）克什米爾

巴基斯坦管理的克什米爾被稱為阿扎德克什米爾，而印度管理的克什米爾被巴基斯坦人稱為被占領(lǐng)的克什米爾。有趣的是，巴基斯坦人和政府并未對中國管理的克什米爾有任何異議。

I will write about the Kashmir issue in detail some other time, today I will take you on a journey  the Kashmir valley in Pakistan. 

我將在其他一些時候詳細(xì)地寫克什米爾問題，今天我想帶你去看看巴基斯坦的克什米爾山谷。

After having breakfast in Islamabad, we left for Rawalakot in Kashmir. It takes 3 to 5 hours by  road from Islamabad. We took a longer way via Muree because the other route from Kahuta has  areas prone to land sliding. River Jehlam acts as a natural boundary between Punjab and  Kashmir. We stopped at Kohala bridge, on Jehlam river to enjoy the cold water of Jehlam river  and have a tea. The locals have placed charpai (beds) along the river under the shades. The river  water was sweet and thirst quencher. The tea tasted good with half of our legs covered in cold  water.  

當(dāng)天在伊斯蘭堡吃完早餐后，我們出發(fā)前往Rawalkot。從伊斯蘭堡到這開車大概要3-5小時。我們從Muree走，因為其他路可能會有塌方。Jehlam河是旁遮普和克什米爾的分界線。我們在Kohala橋下停留，坐在浸泡在河水中的床上，享受著從伊斯蘭堡逃離的炎熱，腳下是冰涼的河水，茶杯里的熱茶更好喝了。

Restaurants have sitting places besides the river and somewhere inside the smaller portion of  river. 

餐館坐落在河邊，也坐落在水里。

Across the Jehlam River the beautiful valley of Kashmir starts, with fruit trees, corn fields,  sunflower fields and pine tree covered mountains.  

跨過Jehlam河后，美麗的克什米爾就開始了，一路上的水果樹、玉米地、葵花籽以及松鼠覆蓋了連綿起伏的山峰。

Dense tree covered mountains, with river flowing in the valley. We stopped by a walnut tree full of fresh walnut beside the road to enjoy the walnuts.